Psychology- Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Psychology- bias Essay1. Evaluate Tajfels core study in terms of streotypes and weakness 10 Prejudice and Discrimination have been always controversial and it has become one of the crucial topics in the world of Social Psychology. Henry Tajfel was a British social psychology who is fountainhead known for his SIT or Social Identity Theory Intergroup Discrimination (1970). This theory has been useful to identify the social causes of prejudice and as well as explaining individual differences. First of all, this study is aimed to show or demonstrate that merely putting or diving people into groups could cause them to discriminate the separate group. Tajfels procedure of the try out involved two laboratory experiments. The subjects of the first experiment contained 64 boys, 14 and 15 year-old from a school in Bristol. The boys from to from each one one group knew each other well, since they were actually in the same houses at the school. The second experiment was similar to the first one, since 48 students also already knew each other. In terms of stereotypes and his study, Tajfel proposed that Stereotyping or putting people into groups is based on a normal cognitive we tend to group or categories things.By the statement, he meant that we see the people in our group are just the same with us because there are certain similarities that makes us parallel with them and therell be a tendency of us calling the same people us and those who are different or out-group them. This study also has its weaknesses and strengths. One of the strengths Laboratory experiment method, which makes him to able controlling the environment in terms of what the subjects had experienced during the test, therefore he faecal matter ensure that there are no influences that would change their deportment later on.Manipulation of the environment also makes him able to obtain replication due to its standardness in procedures. However, since all of the participants were all male, similar age and came from the same country. In terms of experiment, this study has become biased. It is difficult to decide whether it is good enough to be generalised, due to its gender, age and geographical limitations. The ecological validity is doubtful, considering the experiments were lab studies, where we can jump to an argument that this involved unusual task is held in artificial environment.In other words, the participants acted in the way they thought was demanded of them Demand Characteristic. This experiment deals with a disruptive and anti-social, very general commons of society in explaining and understanding the causes of prejudice and discrimination. Moreover, this piece of research could be beneficial or helpful to our everyday life. Nevertheless, the applications are still limited, regard to ecological validity and the gender, race and cultures.

Discussion on the importance of classroom management

Discussion on the importance of schoolroom forethoughtThe main question that goes through every teacher subsequently each of his or her lesson would certainly be, Have I done my job effectively? Normally, I can tell whether a lesson has gone well or the opposite. As much as I love sharing roll in the hayledge with my students, my experience of merely two years of college article of belief has taught myself that it must go hand-in-hand with hot management of my material bodyroom. Good classroom management translates into effective teaching which promotes healthy teaching and learning environment. This, in turn, exit facilitate both students and teacher in achieving the main principle of learning. Although classroom management would generally be imperative to teachers, a research by Fowler arapl (2010) found that it is excessively important to students. Therefore it is a noteworthy skill that teachers should acquire (Stoughton, 2007).Classroom management is important primar ily in achieving optimal learning. Current teaching practices are more student-oriented where in payable course the students go forth get the most out of the teaching and learning process. This is accomplished by creating a positive learning environment for the students. Students learn beat out when they are comfortable with their surroundings especially through the building of strong student-teacher kind. In an article by Marzano Marzano (2003), they highlighted the finding of their study which indicates that the teachers who had a good relationship with their students had 31 percent fewer discipline problems, rule violations and related problems over a years time compared to those who didnt. This provides evidence that strong student-teacher bonding helps the teacher in dealing with problems and misbehaviour among students.By building a strong relationship with students, the positive learning environment has taken place and so the teachers can transmit active participation i n class. The last thing a teacher would want is when he or she is hoping for a response from the students, but didnt receive any. I found it very useful to remember the names of each of my students and I would try my best to identify each of them by the end of first calendar month class meeting. I discovered that it is an excellent way in obtaining students involvement in class. In a way, I wanted to show that they are of significant individuals to me and also there is no favouritism in my class where the teacher will only remember two or three names of selected few. The students will usually be more proactive to give their thoughts and feedbacks during and after lessons. Subsequently, I will know how effective my teaching has been and how effective the learning has taken place.Students and teacher can be thought of as a team where teamwork and cooperation plays a vital role in achieving team goals. This cooperation can be obtained with the teachers good management skills in the cla ssroom. The teacher will need the support from his or her students in order to deliver lesson on his or her best effort. Therefore, students cooperation in avoiding any flub during lessons is much needed by the teacher. Of course the teacher should be firm in handling these kinds of behaviour, but prevention is better than cure. I would try as much as possible to avoid using anger as a counter measure because it will end up straining the relationship built with the students. Ultimately to steer clear of the situation, I know that it is best to tell the students first hand of what I deem is acceptable and what is not.In asset to helping the teacher doing his or her job effectively, students cooperation developed through classroom management can also mould students into young citizens. Metzger (2000) suggests that in a pop society, the teacher can use classroom management strategies to define the students as good citizens in the near future. This can be done by manner of speaking up the concept of power sharing. The students will be given responsibilities on their own behaviour and making their own decisions, not just following orders. This will also bene jeer the teachers in a sense that they will feel less pressured because of the constant need of monitoring the students. In fact, they can have the probability to really work together with their students.Adequate preparations and properly lay out plans of conducting lessons is also a form of classroom management that is important in design a positive classroom climate. A positive classroom climate is another key benefit of true classroom management. Checking the overall condition of the classroom before meeting the students is very important to make sure that the facilities provided can be used as effective teaching aids. The teacher can also anticipate potential problems that may occur during lessons due to uncomfortable settings in the classroom. Instead of just cancelling class and replacing them, the teacher can plan forrader what could be done or has a backup plan in case something didnt go as initially planned. This will greatly improve the teachers teaching in the future and gaining experience in managing future classes.Finally, classroom management is also a good way to get off to a slump start with students. First day of class is the best time to communicate rules and procedures, explaining the syllabus and expectations. Some teachers will also begin the first day of class with ice-breakers or fun activities so that the students feel excited and will look forward to attending future meetings. It also creates opportunity for the teacher and students to get to know each other better which will help in building quality student-teacher relationship. Last semester I did an activity which benefited my students and myself, which is identifying what type of learning styles we have. It helped me to tailor fit my teaching approach to suit particular group of students and also helpe d the students to focus more on their strong points.Conclusively, classroom management is important because it is one of the aspects of effective teaching. Effective teaching will take place when a positive learning environment has been created. Of course this relies on a good bond betwixt the students and the teacher which can be built with a proper management of the first day of class. By clearly stating the rules and teachers expectations of the students, the teacher will find no problem in obtaining students engagement in class. Proper classroom management is of great importance to the students, as it is for the teachers. At the end of the day, hopefully after successfully implementing classroom management strategies, the teacher can safely say, Yes, I have done my job effectively.

Medical Marijuana and the Legalization Debate

Medical Marijuana and the Legalization DebateIntroductionMedical marihuana or medical checkup halter ro engagement be defined as the use of marihuana for medical purposes. Marijuana itself is a drug that comes from the cut and dried leaves of hemp plant also referred to as open firenabis sativa. Its most active ingredient is delta tetrahydro flowerpotnibinol. Throughout history cannabis has been use in many an(prenominal) different cultures to change perception, mood and consciousness. Its make range from provoke mystical experiences to the increment of creativity. It comes second from alcohol in the list of recreational drugs. Around the globe, it has been used for many purposes. For example in the primitive tribes of South the States India and Africa it is used for religious and ceremonies and also for nigh medical purposes. For instance the African mine workers used it in easing the drudgery of their work while the Jamaicans used it in the evenings to ease or relieved the ir fatigue. The ancient Persians, Greeks, East Indians, Assyrians and Romans used hemp as the drug for controlling reducing muscles spasms, treating indigestion and the reduction of perturb (Roth Rebecca 1). There are two sides on the issue of legalization of marijuana and each side has a multitude of reasons as to why medical marijuana should be legalized. This leaves one unsure of which side is credible.Reasons as to why medical marijuana should non be legalized.There are some reasons as to why the some race in the society are refuting the legalization of medical marijuana. One of the reasons is that medical marijuana is perceived to be addictive in many countries. For example in the united states of America the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana as a schedule 1 drug on basis that it contained eminent potential for abuse. This was propelled by the perception that masses who consume it usually get hooked up therefore becoming potheads and the drug eventual ly dominates their lives. They also consider that the frequent overuse of the drug can lead to lethargic behaviors or even serious health problems. Addiction is brought by the fact that there is a possibility that someone treated for chronic periods of time for a constant pain will eventually become more dependent on the drug. He will also require high amounts than before. This addiction may lead to death due to respiratory failure.Another reason as to why some deal are against the legalization of the medical marijuana is because they hold the idea that it has no accepted medical use. For example marijuana may yield substantial medical benefits for many patients with ailments such as cancer and glaucoma but these benefits earn not been universally accepted both nationally and internationally. Another reason as to why many people are opposing this initiative is that it is historically linked to narcotics such as cocaine and heroine. For example in America the too soon anti-drug l aws were stipulated so that they may regulate narcotics which included opium and its derivatives such morphine and heroine. These anti-drug laws also regulated marijuana although it is not a narcotic. The other reason is that some people imagine that marijuana as a drug is associated with unfashionable styles. This is because often many people have taken marijuana to be the drug for losers and hippies. They odor that its legalization will lead to increased number of losers and hippies and therefore imposing of criminal sanctions against people who are found to be in will power of marijuana is perceived to a form of communal protection or tough love.Some people who are opposing the legalization of medical marijuana feel that there is no enough evidence to show that the drugs cure disease. In some countries (Holland and Amsterdam) where medical marijuana is considered to be illegal, it is assumed that marijuana can not be used for medical purposes because of some harmful effect bro ught about by its use. For example it is assumed that it affects the skills required for one to drive safely because it lowers alertness or the ability to concentrate, ability to react quickly and personal coordination. It also affects the driving skills by making it difficult for one to react to signals, sounds on the road and judge distances. Other harmful consequence of marinol drug which is made from marijuana include premature cancer, mental disorders such as depression, increased aggressiveness and hostility, memory loss, general apathy impairment of the immune system and the reproductive disabilities. For example scientific studies indicate that marijuana weakens the immune system of people paltry from AIDS for it is estimated that marijuana smokers who are HIV optimistic progress to the full blown aids twice as fast as the non-smokers.Opposers of legalization of the medical marijuana also believe that legalizing of the drug will lead to increased access to marijuana for t he young population who are most likely to be damaged by the drug use. They also argue that there are many other drugs which can be used in the treatment of the alike diseases. Therefore, the use of marijuana for medical purposes is uncalled for. The opposers continue to assert that it is harmful because it is an unstable mixture made up of more those 425 chemicals which usually convert to honey oils especially when it is be smoked (Marijuana.com 1)Reasons as to why medical marijuana should be legalized.A raging debate has ensued about the legalization of the marijuana medication. The proponents of the legalization of marijuana believe that marijuana should be moved to a schedule II drug so that it can be useful to a point that it can be prescribed by a doctor. They also believe that it doesnt cause some health problems like those caused by alcohol or tobacco such as strong addiction, cancer, heart problems, birth defects liver damage and emphysema. They also believe that death from an overdose is impossible. A study carried out by the UCLA school of medicine which featured 243 marijuana smokers over 8 years of smoking has shown that neither the intermitted nor the continuing marijuana smokers showed any declining rates in the lung function compared to the people who have never smoked marijuana (Barry 1).Many proponents also believe that many people are arrested and charged when they take marijuana for treatment since many people would rather face the law that die of certain diseases which can be remedied by marijuana. They also assert that scientific and medical tests dating back to thousand of years point to the medical properties of cannabis. They also state that thousands of doctors, patients and their families have also have also witnessed the medical benefits of marijuana because they have told other through testimonies in public hearing and also in the mass media. They have also contributed to books and even research studies on the drug. The propone nts claim that the phenomenon (use of marijuana for medical purposes) is real and those who conjecture the evidence is not sufficient are missing the point. They also argue that the evidence is enough for one to declare that there is no any precious reason as to why medical patients who use marijuana for legitimate medical reason should be subjected to arrest, jails, public embarrassment and fines. They argue that the decisions about the use or purposes of marijuana lie in the hand s of doctors and patients.Some countries or states have legalized and others are pushing for the legalization of medical marijuana because of its positive attributes which include the medical value and its use as a recreational drug accompanied by relatively mild side effects. Many people believe that its a good treatment of some ailments. For example it provide the relief in pain, spasticity, nausea and many other symptoms which have not been successfully been treated with conventional medications. Thi s is evident from the State of California whereby the smoking of marijuana has effectively been used in the relieving of chronic HIV associated nerve pains which were characterized by aching, burning and painful numbness. The patients were advised to smoke marijuana at least three times a day so that they can do aside with the pain. People say it helps cancer patients because they believe it can stimulate appetite therefore alleviating the vomiting and nausea associated with the chemotherapy procedures (Sanfranciscocannabisclubs.com 1).It is also argued that marijuana offers a mild and checker way of relaxing unlike alcohol which has some of the vices associated with it such as frequent urination, nausea and at times vomiting especially when the individual had not taken some food before drinking taking it. After personal observations done by many people it is said that marijuana can be a good choice of drug because it has relatively low dependence liability and it is a little bit easier to control its side effects compared to the other drugs. It is believed that most of the marijuana users mainly develop tolerance to the drugs side effects and those who do not then stop using the drug with an quick effect (Alternet.org 1).Conclusively, legalization of marijuana is a hotly contested debate between the opposers and proposers. Each side has got a multitude of reasons to support its respective fundament and this creates an evenly balanced debate. Some of the medical reasons cited by one side are a counter to the reasons put forward by the other side. This creates a quagmire regarding the whole issue as one is unsure of which side is more credible.Works citedSanfranciscocannabisclubs.com. The Medical Marijuana Guide, 2009. Retrieved fromhttp//www.sanfranciscocannabisclubs.com/medical-marijuana/The source talks about the diseases which can be treated through the use of marijuana as the medicineRoth, Rebecca. Medical Marijuana, 2008. Retrieved from http//serendip .brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1901This source talks about the history of marijuana a and how it was used the past or its main uses.Alternet.org. The Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should Be Legal, 2007. Retrieved fromhttp//www.alternet.org/drugs/60959/The article gives some of the reasons as to why there should be the legalization of the medical marijuanaMarijuana.com. Marijuana should not be legal because, 2000. Retrieved fromhttp//www.marijuana.com/legalization-decriminalization/1004-marijuana-should-not-legal-because.htmlThe article gives some of the reasons as to why some people do not support the legalization of medical marijuanaBarry, Ian. Legalize marijuana, 2009. Retrieved from http//blog.sanonofre.com/2009/06/ian-barry-teen-pot-essay.html The article gives some of the examples of the fact that marijuana is not harmful and also explains why medical marijuana should be legalized.

The Aims Of Writing A Literature Review Education Essay

The Aims Of Writing A Literature Review Education EssayWhat is review of the literary works?A literature review is a write-up that aims to review the critical aspects of current experience on a particular topic. Its an account of what has been promulgated on a topic by ac book of factsed scholars and exploreers. most(prenominal) often associated with science-oriented literature, such as a thesis, the literature review ordinarily precedes a research proposal, methodology and results naval division. The purpose is to bring the reader up to find with current literature on a topic and form the basis for future research that may be fatalityed in the atomic be 18a. A comfortably literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style proper enjoyment of preconditioninology and an unbiased and citywide view of the previous research on the topic. It is not safe a descriptive list of the mat erial available, or a set of summaries.Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two arasInformation seeking the ability to scan the literature efficiently, development manual or com erecterized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and booksCritical appraisal the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.A literature review must do these thingsBe organized around and related directly to the thesis or research skepticism you are developSynthesize results into a summary of what is and is not knownIdentify areas of controversy in the literatureFormulate questions that hold further researchA literature review is a piece of discursive prose, not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another. Its usu ally a worse sign to see every paragraph beginning with the name of a researcher. Instead, organize the literature review into sections tha t present themes or identify trends, including relevant theory. You are not trying to list all the material published, just to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your thesis or research questionIf you are writing an annotated bibliography, you may need to summarize each item briefly, but should still follow through themes and concepts and do some critical estimate of material. utilize an overall introduction and conclusion to state the scope of your coverage and to formulate the question, problem, or concept your chosen material illuminates. Usually you go away withdraw the option of grouping items into sections-this helps you indicate comparisons and relationships. You may be able to write a paragraph or so to introduce the focus of each sectionHow to do a literature search?Defining the topic In order to begin your literature review you must first define your research question. What is the purpose? What does it mean? What are the key words? Are the re other words which could be utilize, such as synonyms, variations in spelling? What do you already know about the topic? What is the scope?Compiling a list of keywords Analyzing the topic of an essay question or research topic usually involves making a list of keywords or phrases. You will need to allow in all the key concepts or ideas contained within the essay or research question. It power be useful to include alternative ways of phrasing and expressing concepts and ideas. Think about both general terms and very specific terms for broadening and narrowing your search. The keyword or phrase is the basic unit of any search. You may find it helpful to consult subject dictionaries and encyclopedias, or a textbook gloss for the common terminology of the subject area. The use of an index and/or thesaurus is also advisable to establish the useful terms.Identifying Resources Information is available in a number of formats. It is important for you to understand the significance of various formats so that you know what will best suit your data requirements.BooksReference MaterialsJournalsConference PapersDissertationsprofitIndexes/Abstracts PrintedElectronic DatabasesGovernment publicationsThesisPutting display panels and figuresIf you found the table or figure in a source, or if you developed the information in the table or figure from a source other than your own primary research, you must cite the full source just below the table or figure, and again include the full source in your list of references at the end of the thesis.Table number and headline is always mentioned on top of the table. effigy number and headline is mentioned at bottom of the figure.The source reference below the figure/table should be in a smaller font, in a bracket, in italics. Like thisTable 4 Numbers Unemployed in Co. Roscommon, 2000 2004Electoral DistrictMaleAge governFemaleAge rangeTotal(Source Jones, D. 2004. Impact of unemployment in rural areas of Connacht 2000 2004. Dub lin Folens, p. 56.)Figure 4 Air Supply in Burma (June 1944 to April 1945)(Source Jones, D. 2004. Environmental Concerns. Dublin Folens, p. 56.)2. Bibliography FormatsEach citation in a bibliography has to describe a resource in enough detail that someone can go to a library (or out on the net, or to a bookstore), and see it for themselves. Imagine going to a bookshop and saying, Hi. I need that book on World War II. You know, the one that mentions Hitler? Thats why the specifics-formats, titles, informants, dates, etc.- are important.Writing the assessment What do I need to reference?When you are writing your assessment, be sure to type in reference information as you add in the ideas of other authors. This will save you time and will ensure that you reference all sources properly. Whenever you use someone elses ideas or words, you must put in a reference. The only exception to this rule is when the information you have read somewhere is common knowledge or public domain informatio n. For example, you would not need to include a reference if you stated in an assignment that Shakespeare wrote plays and sonnets in Elizabethan times.You must always reference the following(i) Direct quotations this is when you replicate another authors material word-for-word. You should show the reader that it is a direct quote by placing the material in inverted commas. Traditionally, double inverted commas have been used () but it is now acceptable, and preferable to use single inverted commas (). Sometimes it is difficult to avoid the direct quotation as the authors words may on the dot describe the point you are trying to make. However, do try to avoid the overuse of direct quotations try to paraphrase the authors work where possible. Please note that when you use direct quotations, you must reproduce the authors words exactly, including all spelling, capitalisation, punctuation, and errors. You may show the reader that you recognise an error and that you are correctly quot ing the author by placing the term sic in brackets after the error.(ii) Paraphrasing this is when you take another authors ideas and put them into your own words. You are still imitationing someone elses work, so you must reference it. You do not need to use inverted commas when you paraphrase, but you must clearly show the reader the original source of your information.1. INTERNET RESOURCESIn the easy-come, easy -go humankind of the free internet, dates and addresses are particularly important. Two dates are required the date that the material was published or updated, and the date on which you actually used it. The address, or URL, of the site must be complete. This means including the access-mode identifier (e.g., http, ftp, gopher, telnet, news) as well as the path and file names. The address should also be enclosed in lean brackets .For an entire web site the bibliographical form is Author or Creator of site. ennoble of Site. catch of site. . Date you used the site. The submission will olfaction same(p) thisHsu, David. Chemicol Periodic Table. 2005. . phratry 6, 2007.For an article within a web site the bibliographic form is Author of article. Title of Article. Title of Site. Date of site. . Date you used the site. The intro will look like thisU.S. Department of defer. Sudan. Background Notes. March, 2007. . September 10, 2007.For online newspaper magazine articles , the bibliographic form is Author of Article. Title of Article. Title of Magazine or Newspaper. Complete date. . Date you used the site. The entry will look like thisJamieson, Alastair. Chinas Toy Story Turns Nasty After New Recall. The Scotsman. September 6, 2007.. September 12, 2007.2. REGULAR BOOKSA regular book usually has just one author, and comes in just one volume. The bibliographic form is Author. Title. center Publisher, Date. The entry will look like thisHammond, Jeff. Real Men Work in the Pits A Life in NASCAR Racing. PA Rodale, 2005.When there are two authors, the bibliographic form is First Author (last name first), and Second Author (first name first). Title. Place Publisher, Date. The entry will look like thisAngeletti, Norberto, and Alberto Oliva. In Vogue The Illustrated narrative of the Worlds Most Famous Fashion Magazine. NY Rizzoli, 2006.When there are three or more authors, the bibliographic form is First Author (last name first), et al. Title. Place Publisher, Date. The entry will look like thisBos, Samone, et al. Go The Whole World of Transportation. NY Dorling Kindersley, 2006.Books with an anonymous or unknown authorThe University Encyclopedia (1985) London Roydon3. COLLECTIONS EDITED BOOKSA entreaty is a book (or set of books) that contains works by many different authors-like an edited book or proceeding, an encyclopedia, an Opposing Viewpoints book, or an anthology of short stories or poems. You usually use just one or two parts of it in your paper and the bibliographic form is Author of the Part. Title of the Part. Editor (or Compiler) of the Collection. Title of the Collection. Vol. (if present). Place Publisher, Date. The entry will look like thisCohen, Steve. Snowboarding. World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. IL World Book, Inc., 2003.Tatum, Becky L. Studies Have Not Established a Link Between thump Music and Youth Violence. Gerdes, Louise I., ed. Media Violence, Opposing Viewpoints. CA Greenhaven Press, 2004.If you use several different works from the same anthology, you neednt cite each separately. The bibliographic form for citing an entire array or anthology is Editor (or Compiler) of the Anthology. Title of the Anthology. Vol. (if present). Place Publisher, Date. The entry will look like thisNelson, Marilyn. A Wreath for Emmett Till. MA Houghton Mifflin, 2005.4. NEWSPAPERS MAGAZINESWhen citing an article from a print copy of a newspaper or magazine, the most important thing to put down is the complete date. The bibliographic form is Author of Article. Title of Article.Title of Magazine or N ewspaper. Complete date, Edition (if present) page number(s). The entry will look like thisRandall, Lisa. An American Physicist in Italy. Discover. July, 2007 56.LeBlanc, Emma. Refugees Tell NH Woman Their Stories. New Hampshire Union Leader. September 10, 2007, State Edition A1.5. JOURNALSThe conventions for listing journal articles are similar to books, but note the extra information required in the example below and apply this to all journal article listings.Muller, V. (1994) Trapped in the body Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity, The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, August, pp. 103-107.Journal article with both volume and issue numberMuller, V. (1994) Trapped in the body Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity, The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, August, pp. 103-107.5. NON-PRINTMEDIAIf the item is not print-based (like a film on DVD or VHS, an MP3 file or audio CD, or a set of slides), the bibliographic form is Producer or Director. Title. Format P lace Distributor, Date. The entry will look like thisHampton, Henry. Eyes on the Prize II. VHS VA PBS Video, 1993.Lansing, Alfred. Endurance Shackletons Incredible Voyage. MP3 OR Blackstone Audio Books, 1991.May, Robert, and Steve James. The War Tapes. DVD NY Docurama, 2007.Paschen, Elise, and Rebekah Presson Mosby. Poetry Speaks Hear Great Poets Read Their Work from Tennyson to Plath. CD IL Sourcebooks MediaFusion, 2001.3. How to avoid plagiarismScientific Misconduct and PlagiarismMany people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong it is character Albert aceIn centuries of reading, writing, experimenting and hypothesizing, a persons work will inevitably incorporate and overlap with that of others. However, occasional overlap is one thing systematic, unacknowledged use of the techniques, data, words or ideas of others is another. Your work has to be carried out honestly and objectively without bias and the results should be reported truthfully. D eviations may occur from the ideal due to ignorance or, at times, they may be willful deceptions. These deviations from the ideal, willful or otherwise, constitute what is known as scientific misconduct. While various types of scientific misconduct have been identified, those that comes to notice usually include fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, cyber-plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and duplicate publication. It is desired that all students should be made aware of these.This note defines plagiarism and sets guidelines.What is Plagiarism?Failure to acknowledge other colleagues scientific work-their ideas, language, or data.lineal copying of passages without citing the original contributor, rewording of ideas, paraphrasing, and even total reproduction by simply changing the authors names and trying to pass the material as ones own. self-appointed use of ideas or unique methods obtained by a privileged communication, such as a grant or manuscript review.Passing off retrospective stu dies as prospective ones or deliberately omit references to earlier works.How Plagiarism can be detected?One of the important responsibilities of a reviewer is staining of plagiarized text due to his/her familiarity with published material in his/her area of interest. Technology has made it possible to carry out checks for sentences that are copied from previously published articles. There are dedicated web sites available that provide information on plagiarism ( www.plagiarism.org ) and software to detect plagiarism has made it easier for reviewers and editorial mental faculty of journals to detect copying (www.i pastticate.com, www.writecheck.com and www.turnitin.com ). We have recommended to you the VIPER software. make and Donts of PlagiarismSome simple tips to be followed to avoid plagiarism areTake short notes from the source and then write back in your own words without looking back at the original source.Attribute references to any information or idea you are using from ot her sources, even if you are not directly using it.describe all sources of informationGive acknowledgments to the original source by quoting author details at the end of the statement.Give details of the original source by providing footnotes .Use quotation marks wherever requiredIf you are paraphrasing, credit the original sourceFor extensive quotations, obtain permission from the publisher of the original workObtain permission for use of published drawings or other illustrationsDos and Donts of ResearchDOMake sure you know what question youre trying to answer.Look at all kinds of sources before you narrow in on the ones that will be most useful.Read and digest. Give yourself time to do this.Think critically about what youve just read and how it directly relates to the question.Evaluate what youve got, the holes in your research, and where you need to go from here.Keep a running annotated bibliography going, sorting facts by source or marking your notes with a coding system so as t o intend where individual facts came from.Divide your thesis into sections before you begin researching. Make sure you devote energy and time to finding information about all the topics you want to tackle.Remember that the beginning of a thesis presents existing knowledge on a topic, whereas towards the end of a paper, you present your own thoughts.Use a medley of sources. Journals, books, e-books, newspaper and magazine articles, legitimate web sites, and course books can all be good sources, but which ones you use will depend on your topic. rebuke to your professor about his or her expectations and ideas for sources.Talk to other students about their strategies for mapping out the research ahead.DONTSStuff so much information into your head at once that you cant remember what you learned and where you learned it from. You will lose sight of the point of the research project.Cite Wikipedia. Wikipedia is good for getting general information, but find an absolutely reliable source for your citations.Plagiarize. Learn what constitutes plagiarism and how to use sources responsibly.Dos and Donts of Internet ResearchThe internet provides a rich resource of information and data however there is great risk in using this all-too accessible resource. Self-regulating resources like Wikipedia and Google- or yahoo-search readily provide us with answers to just about any question we may pose. But which is it the right answer? And, is it the right answer? The very accessibility of online information makes it risky and often questionable. You need to be more vigilant of the veracity and reliability of your sources when acquiring information from the internet.To ensure that your information you have got is sound, one can do several thingsUse more than one source, particularly for important things this will give you a wider range of material from which to discern accuracy and reliability.Verify your sources and preferably cross-reference to saloon out objective truth vs. bi as.Try to use primary sources (original) vs. secondary or tertiary sources (original cited and open to interpretation) the closer you are to the original source, the closer you are to getting the original study.

Inherit the wind (Scopes trial) Essay -- essays research papers

The play Inherit the Wind, was written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee to inform its readers about the injustice of a law that limited the freedom of an ordinary citizen. This play is based upon actual events that happened to an individual, John Scopes, in Dayton, Tennessee during the 1920s. This famous Monkey Trial not only allowed bulk to begin to accept new theories about the origin of man, but also showed that they did not have to limit themselves in other areas of life.In the beginning of the play, the authors give to lead us into the topic of Darwinism versus Creationism. One instance was when the character Howard actually told Melinda Your old mans a monkey(5) The audience also learns that the incriminate lawbreaker, Bert Cates, and the reverends daughter, Rachel Brown, are in love and are set to be married. Rachel becomes a pertinent part of the trial when Brady starts to question her, against the will of Bert. The opus of Inherit the Wind is, "dont be panic-st ricken of new ideas, and you have to let people make up their own minds about things." That theme fits the story in truth well, because that is the exact opposite of what the people of Hillsboro did, and look what happened there. One man spoke his mind, and a trial that made history was held. No one should be afraid to speak their mind, and people should not automatically reject a new idea because it is not what they are used to. The characters in Inherit the Wind hear Bert Catess idea, didnt l...

The Impact of Weather and Climate on Health in New Zealand Essay

Weather can affect human health in a course of ways. For New Zealand, some of the specific health issues that are linked to weather and climate include melanoma skin malignant neoplastic disease, weather-sensitive rheumatism, asthma, Seasonal Affective Disorder, and stress in farmers caused by weather extremes. Several studies have been done in New Zealand investigating the link between particular health problems and the weather. There are limitations to such(prenominal) studies, including the obstacle of trying to isolate cause and effect, but it is clear that weather and health correlations do exist. Lying on a New Zealand beach and basking in the warm sun sure sounds appealing, but there are health risks involved. Prolonged exposure to UV radiation can lead to skin cancer and eye diseases, and this is a significant issue in New Zealand. Malignant melanoma is one of the most serious types of skin cancer, and New Zealand has the second highest roll of melanoma in the world. Only A ustralia has a higher rate, which seems to imply that this region is particularly susceptible to harmful UV radiation.1 One cause for this may be the depletion of stratospheric ozone, which acts as a shield for earths surface against this radiation. Decrease in the levels of ozone has been an issue around the world, but the southern hemisphere has generally been more strongly affected. Ozone monitoring in New Zealand shows that the concentration of ozone has declined 5-7 percent over the last 30 years. During this same period of time, the skin-damaging solar radiation has increased around 6-9 percent.2 Fortunately, due to international government actions such as the Montreal Protocol, restrictions are in place against the use of ozone-depleting substances. But the damage t... ... Zealanders 1995-1999. J. Surg. 2004 74 233-237.2 The state of the Atmosphere. Ministry for the surround website http//www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/ser1997/html/chapter5.8.html3 SunSmart in New Zealan d website http//www.sunsmart.co.nz4 Ng J, Scott D, Taneja A, Gow P, and Gosai A, Weather changes and pain in rheumatology patients. Journal of Rheumatology 2004 7 204-206.5 Hales S, Lewis S, Slater T, Crane J, and Pearce N, preponderance of adult asthma symptoms in relation to climate in New Zealand. Environmental Health Perspectives 1998 106 607-610.6 Broederlow, Christel, Weather Hypersensitivity. The Universal Empath 101 website http//www.geocities.com/christabelle67/WeatherHypersensitivity.html7 Cutt, John, Lambs up despite losses. The Southland Times, Nov 20, 2004. http//stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3103633a3600,00.html

Comparing the Role of Women in Emma and Jane Eyre Essay -- comparison

Throughout history women have played important roles in society. Women have gone through much adversity to get where they are today. Jane Austen and Charlotte Bront are some the pioneers of womens literature. Each shows their different aspects of a womens role in society in their books Emma by Austen and Jane Eyre by Bront. In both of these books the author shows how a woman deals with societies norms, values, and manners. Jane Eyre is an orphaned daughter of a poor family. She is brought up by her aunt Sarah Reed. Where she is torment and tortured by the aunt and the family. She is not very pretty and is barely on the social structure. On the other hand Emma Woodhouse is a beautiful young lady and is financially sound. She is raised by her maternal father. In Emma, Emma Woodhouse is in search of finding the appropriate man for herself is the main theme. As the reader goes deeper into the text Emma lento progresses into a self-deception. Having since childhood been obliged to manage her father, she still likes to manage things, and particularly people. She manages to manipulate everyone except Mr. George Knightley. In Jane Eyre, Jane demonstrates a strong need to be herself, to satiate responsibility for her action. She is put to the test by her daily teasing and abuse from her cousins. When she is brought to a boarding school she soon distinguishes herself through her classes. Eventually ends up in Thorn... ... finds out the Bertha Mason Rochester set it on fire and jumped off the roof. Austen in a way showed this as a rebirth for Rochester and Jane Eyre. Jane returns to Rochester even though he suffered an amputated hand and is blinded by the fire. Eventually they marry and Rochester regains his sight in one eye and produces a son. In both of these books the author shows how a woman deals with societies norms, values, and manners. Jane and Emma endure harsh realities in life. Jane had to be a strong character to go through wh at she did. Emma not as strong but the determination in find a spouse. Even though Jane and Emma had different hardships the had similar characteristics. They both had wisdom, imagination, and character.